PSYC FPX 4100 Assessment 3 Psychoanalytic Theory:
Introduction
Freud, also known as Sigmund, created the psychology area of psychoanalysis in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is predicated on the notion that conflicts and unconscious processes that have their origins in early life greatly influence how people behave. In order to assist patients better comprehend themselves and their behavior, psychoanalysis aims to provide them with insight into the conflicts and unconscious motivations that drive their conduct. Usually, a series of sessions with a qualified psychoanalyst are used to do this, when the patient is encouraged to discuss what they think, feel, and have experienced in a free-associative way.
The fundamental ideas of psychoanalysis are numerous. Psychoanalytic theory states that a large portion of our mental processes occur subconsciously (Leonardi et al., 2021). The first important idea is that these unconscious activities can include suppressed memories, desires, and fears. The next important idea is defense mechanisms, which we employ to shield ourselves from unpleasant or challenging emotions. Denial, suppression, projection, and displacement are a few examples of these.
Another key idea in psychoanalytic theory is the Oedipus complex, which postulates that kids go through a phase of rivalry and sexual desire to the parent of the same sex and attraction to the parent of the other sex.Our last idea is the process of transference which is the tendency of the patient, based on their past experiences with authoritative figures, to project unresolved tensions and feelings onto the therapist.
PSYC FPX 4100 Assessment 3 Psychoanalytic Theory
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Important Occasions
Numerous noteworthy occasions throughout its history have impacted the development of psychoanalysis. First, in 1899, Freud’s “The Interpretation of Dreams” was published. This book is frequently cited as the origin of psychoanalysis (Bateman et al., 2021). Many of the major ideas that would later be essential to the profession are introduced by Freud in it, such as the notion of the unconscious mind and the application of free association as a therapeutic method.
The division between Freud and Jung came next. A pupil of Freud’s, Carl Jung later lost faith in parts of his theories and split off to create his own unique brand of psychoanalysis, which he published as “The Theory of Psychoanalysis”(Gedo, 2021) . The evolution of the field was significantly impacted by this division, as a result, multiple rival schools of thought emerged.
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Behaviorism rose to prominence as the most widely accepted psychological school in the US during this time. Many of the ideas and techniques of psychoanalysis were rejected by behaviorists, who said that psychoanalysis was overly subjective and lacked scientific rigor. the progression of ego psychology. Within psychoanalysis, ego psychology was a movement that aimed to switch the emphasis from the unconscious mind to the conscious ego. This method placed a strong emphasis on the value of conscious decision-making and adaptive functioning for psychological well-being.Treatment of mental illness has shifted away from traditional psychoanalytic methods as a result of the development of medications like antidepressants and antipsychotics(Bukhari, 2022).
In the 1920s and 1930s, behaviorism began to take shape. During this period, behaviorism became the most popular psychological school in the United States. Behaviorists opposed a lot of psychoanalysis’s concepts and methods, claiming it lacked scientific rigor and was too subjective. ego psychology’s development (Wertz, 2020). The goal of ego psychology, a movement within psychoanalysis, was to shift the focus from the unconscious mind to the conscious ego. The importance of conscious decision-making and adaptive functioning for psychological well-being was emphasized by this approach. The development of medication-based therapy occurred in the 1950s and 60s. Traditional psychoanalytic approaches to treating mental illness have been replaced by other approaches as a result of drugs such as antipsychotics and antidepressants.
PSYC FPX 4100 Assessment 3 Psychoanalytic Theory
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Alternative Systems of Philosophy
Gestalt psychology, behaviorism, cognitive psychology, and humanism have all had a big influence on the growth of psychoanalysis. Behaviorism placed a strong emphasis on how environmental influences and observable behaviors shape how people behave. Some of the core ideas of psychoanalysis, such as the emphasis on unconscious processes and the application of introspection as a research technique, were contested by this viewpoint. However, behaviorism also sparked the creation of fresh methods for conditioning and behavior modification, which have been applied in psychoanalytic treatment modalities like cognitive-behavioral therapy. The significance of individual development, self-actualization, and subjective experience was highlighted by humanistic psychology(APA PsycNet, n.d.).
In contrast to some of the more pathologizing and deterministic elements of psychoanalytic thought, this viewpoint highlighted people’s capacity to take charge of their own lives and develop into more fully formed human beings. The study of cognitive psychology concentrated on how mental functions like memory, perception, and reasoning influence how people behave. This viewpoint refuted some of behaviorism’s most oversimplified ideas and offered a framework for comprehending the intricate mental processes at the root of many psychological problems. Using both cognitive and behavioral elements, cognitive-behavioral therapy has grown in popularity as a psychoanalytic treatment modality in recent years (Clesse et al., 2022).
The psychology of Gestalt placed a strong emphasis on the value of subjective, holistic experience as well as how people organize and interpret their sensory input. In addition to challenging some of the most reductionistic and mechanical elements of psychoanalytic theory, this viewpoint offered a framework for comprehending how perception and interpretation influence behavior in people.
Intercultural Impacts
Like any other field of study, psychoanalysis has been shaped throughout its history by cultural variables. At the turn of the 20th century, psychoanalysis emerged in Vienna during a period of profound cultural and social change. Rapid industrialization and urbanization were occurring in the metropolis, and a growing sense of disenchantment with conventional values and beliefs was present. Psychoanalytic thought, which questioned conventional notions of morality and human nature and highlighted the significance of the unconscious mind, may have developed as a result of these cultural influences. In addition to having a significant impact on European culture and society, World Wars I and II also influenced the advancement of psychoanalytic theory (Pandit, 2020).
For instance, there is now more interest in the study of trauma and the psychological impacts of violence due to the trauma that troops faced during wartime. Additionally, psychoanalytic theory offered a framework for comprehending the psychological foundations of authoritarianism, including fascism. As per P. Tummala-Narra (Tummala-Narra et al., 2020), “Psychoanalytic Theory and Cultural Competence in Psychotherapy,” psychoanalysis has become widespread globally, impacted by an extensive array of cultural traditions and viewpoints. As a result, theories like relational psychoanalysis—which emphasizes how crucial cultural context is in determining how people experience life—have emerged.
Some features of psychoanalytic theory, such as its pathologizing of non-normative sexualities and gender identities and emphasis on the nuclear family, have drawn harsh criticism from feminists and LGBTQ+ activists. As a result of these criticisms, other theories like queertheory and feminist psychoanalysis have emerged.
PSYC FPX 4100 Assessment 3 Psychoanalytic Theory
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Therapists Dealing with Adolescents
Therapists who work with teenagers might benefit greatly from knowing psychoanalytic theory because it offers a framework for comprehending the intricate developmental processes and emotional difficulties that teenagers encounter.
The significance of unconscious processes in determining human behavior is emphasized by psychoanalytic thought. This may imply that a great deal of a teen’s thoughts, emotions, and actions are shaped by unconscious conflicts and concerns. Teenagers can examine their unconscious ideas and feelings in a secure and encouraging setting with the assistance of a therapist who is aware of this (Speers et al., 2022). A therapist might, for instance, employ dream analysis or free association to assist an adolescent in identifying repressed feelings or impulses that are fueling their problems.
The relevance of early attachment ties in influencing later emotional development is emphasized by psychoanalytic thought. This implies that a teen’s emotional health can be greatly influenced by the nature of their connections with their parents, peers, and other important adults. Teens can investigate their attachment history and how it might be impacting their current relationships with the assistance of a therapist who is aware of this. For instance, a therapist could work with an adolescent to pinpoint interpersonal behavior patterns that stem from early attachment experiences.
In order to maintain psychological health, psychoanalytic thought highlights the significance of a cohesive self-identity. This entails guiding teenagers through the challenging process of forming an identity that happens during adolescence. A therapist who is aware of this can provide a safe, encouraging, and judgment-free space for an adolescent to explore their values, beliefs, and sense of self. A therapist might, for instance, assist an adolescent in using creative writing, art therapy, or journaling as a means of exploring their identity(Arslanbek, 2021).
Psychoanalytic philosophy acknowledges that emotional development can be significantly influenced by cultural and social variables. For adolescents, this entails realizing how social pressures and cultural norms might be influencing their mental health. Teenagers can investigate how these elements affect their identity and feeling of self-worth with the assistance of a therapist who is aware of this. For instance, a therapist could work with an adolescent to investigate how societal norms regarding gender, sexuality, or academic success affect their mental health.
Conclusion
Psychoanalysis’s method of comprehending human behavior has drawn both appreciation and criticism. Despite having a significant impact on the development of psychology and popular culture, some opponents contend that its beliefs are unsupported by evidence and that its approaches are antiquated and unduly subjective. The other schools of thought have, as previously said, contributed to an increased focus on empirical research and the application of evidence-based methods in psychoanalytic practice.
Additionally, they have expanded the application of psychoanalytic theory, which has increased focus on the social, cultural, and contextual elements that influence human experience. Furthermore, teens can be assisted by a psychoanalytically trained therapist in exploring their unconscious ideas and feelings, navigating the intricate process of identity construction, and comprehending the significance of of social and cultural aspects on their mental health
These realizations can assist the therapist in offering their teenage clients more considerate and successful care. In conclusion, the development of psychological views has benefited from the application of psychoanalytic theory.
References
APA PsycNet. (n.d.). Psycnet.apa.org. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2021-54860-001
Arslanbek, A. (2021). Exploring the adolescent-self through written and visual diaries. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 75, 101825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2021.101825
Bateman, A. W., Holmes, J., & Allison, E. (2021). Introduction to Psychoanalysis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429355110
Bukhari, S. N. A. (2022). Consequences of Antipsychotic Medications on Mental Health. Current Drug Safety, 17. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574886317666220216101106
Clesse, C., Rabeyron, T., & Botbol, M. (2022). Contemporary situation of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytical therapies in France. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02668734.2022.2040047
Leonardi, J., Gazzillo, F., & Dazzi, N. (2021). The adaptive unconscious in psychoanalysis. International Forum of Psychoanalysis, 31(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/0803706x.2021.1893382
Pandit, G. L. (2020). Freudian Frontiers of Psychoanalytic Theory and Therapy: A Case of Improvement of Scientific Knowledge? Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 35(2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2020.1728118
Speers, A. J. H., Bhullar, N., Cosh, S., & Wootton, B. M. (2022). Correlates of therapist drift in psychological practice: A systematic review of therapist characteristics. Clinical Psychology Review, 93, 102132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102132
Tummala-Narra, P., Li, Z., Yang, E. J., Xiu, Z., Cui, E., & Song, Y. (2020). Intergenerational family conflict and ethnic identity among Chinese American college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000515
Wertz, F. J. (2020). Objectivity and eidetic generality in psychology: The value of explicating fundamental methods. Qualitative Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000190
PSYC FPX 4100 Assessment 3 Psychoanalytic Theory
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