PSY FPX 7711 Assessment 1 Procedure, Data Collection, and Interobserver Agreement:
Introduction
Bill, the client, is worried about the behavior that involves physical violence. What does it mean to be physically aggressive? The following behaviors are classified as physical aggression: Hitting (i.e., any instances where the client makes contact with another person’s body part with clenched fists or open palms).
The client is classified as pushing if they push another person’s body part with one or both hands extended away from their body, biting if they come into contact with another person’s body part with their teeth, pinching if they come into contact with another person’s body using two fingers in a pincer grasp, and kicking if they come into contact with another person’s body with their legs. A client’s engagement in any of the previously listed behaviors is known as the “onset.”
The body is in a neutral position when it is offset. Sports involving physical contact, such as football or soccer, where players must employ force with their bodies, are not examples. Reducing physical aggressiveness is important from a social perspective because it can prevent opportunities for social interaction. Physical aggressiveness has the potential to prevent clients from engaging in appropriate play and social interactions (Adams & Yanos, 2020).
Related Assessments:
Participant and Environment
Bill, a 10-year-old boy, is the research study participant. Bill has an OCD, ADHD, and ASD diagnosis. At the age of two, Bill received an ASD diagnosis. At the age of seven, he received an ADHD and OCD diagnosis. Bill resides with his father, two elder brothers, one of whom also has a speech impediment, and his mother’s grandmother. This investigation was conducted in his home while he was receiving ABA therapy.
Methods:
Physical violence is the dependent variable in this study. The introduction of a token system is the study’s independent variable under investigation. An ABAB research design was employed for this investigation. A baseline of the behavior without the intervention was taken during the first phase. To show how the token system increases desirable behavior while decreases undesirable behavior—in this case, physical aggression—an ABAB research design was selected (Fahlgren et al., 2020). The reinforcement system’s implementation is the next stage. The token system’s withdrawal will occur in the third phase, and there will be one more token system implementation phase after that.
It should be mentioned that the data collector was a licensed behavioral therapist. Because she has some experience implementing token systems, an RBT was selected. Prior to having the RBT implement the token system during the intervention phases, the researcher had instructed her on how to do so. RBT collected statistics on the frequency of Bill’s physical aggression during phase 1. During the intervention phase, the RBT collected data regarding the frequency of Bill’s physical aggressiveness during the token system’s implementation. RBT collected data on physical aggression incidents during the withdrawal period and again throughout the reinforcement system’s installation. This study was conducted over the course of thirteen sessions.
PSY FPX 7711 Assessment 1 Procedure, Data Collection, and Interobserver Agreement
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Data Gathering
Clinicians can measure and track behavioral therapies through behavior measurement. This is crucial because it enables medical professionals to understand how interventions relate to their behavior(Yagil, 2021). Frequency was used as the study’s measurement. According to Davidovitz & Cohen, (2021), frequency is the measurement of each and every occurrence of the behavior. The RBT will gather information on each and every occurrence of physical aggression for this investigation. Because frequency is comparatively quick and won’t interfere with sessions, it was selected for this investigation. The software Catalyst will be used by the RBT to gather frequency. She will just click the “physical aggression” labeled “plus” at the bottom.
The total number of occurrences per session will be calculated each time she presses that button. This program was selected because it is more accessible because it can be used on her phone. The data set encompassed November 6–19, 2023. During Bill’s therapy session, data was collected throughout the house. On the aforementioned days, his RBT was collecting data. Three days were spent gathering baseline. During direct therapy, baseline data were collected. Usually, sessions run two hours. RBT collected frequency data during each session. Note that Catalyst will translate her frequency data into rate on its own.
Interobserver Agreement
Two BCBAs from the ABA agency collected interobserver data. Reliability is gauged via IOA data. IOA analyzes the accuracy of the data obtained on the frequency of physical aggression. IOA needs to be 80% or greater to be established and regarded as credible (Ferguson et al., 2020). On 11 of the 13 sessions, the first BCBA collected IOA data for the whole session.
For 10 out of the 13 sessions, the second BCBA was only present for one of the two hours. The lower frequency count was divided by the larger frequency count, and the resulting percentage was multiplied by 100 to determine the IOA measurement. Throughout all four phases, the second BCBA and RBT scores were 80%. One could say that the information gathered is trustworthy.
PSY FPX 7711 Assessment 1 Procedure, Data Collection, and Interobserver Agreement
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Develop
An A-B-A-B research design was selected for this investigation. The relationship between the intervention—in this example, a token system—and the behavior under investigation—physical aggression—was illustrated using an A-B-A-B research design. The A-B-A-B design was selected because it will demonstrate behavior returning to baseline, or without intervention, and the last phase will demonstrate intervention implementation once more. On the days of the session, the RBT collected frequency data, which Catalyst automatically converted to rate.
For four days, baseline data was collected. Frequency data was obtained here by the RBT. After then, RBT collected frequency data for the behavior over the four additional days when the intervention was put into practice. When the intervention was withdrawn, RBT collected the data for an additional four days, and once more when the intervention was in effect.
Outcomes
After gathering data over the course of 16 days, a graph was created. Please refer to the figure caption and graph below:
Data on the adoption of a token economy and its impact on physical aggressiveness is shown in Figure 1. Data that is shown in blue indicates that an intervention has been applied, and data that is shown in black indicates that no intervention has been introduced.
We see that the rate of behavior reaches its maximum during the first phase, occurring four times each hour. There is data variability, which is thought to be caused by external environmental elements that were not under the experiment’s control. Phase 2: There is a decline in behavior during which the reinforcement system is put into place. Low levels of variability and a declining trend line are visible in the data. The data increases during the withdrawal phase. An upward trend line indicates an increase in data.
This withdrawal stage is not very variable. The last stage sees a decline in data. The trend line indicates a decline in physical violence. The study’s findings demonstrate a practical connection between physical aggressiveness and a token economy. It demonstrates that there is a drop in physical violence when the intervention is implemented. The rates of physical behavior increase when the intervention is not put into practice.
PSY FPX 7711 Assessment 1 Procedure, Data Collection, and Interobserver Agreement
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References
Adams, S. W., & Yanos, P. T. (2020). Pathways to aggression and violence in psychosis without longstanding antisocial behavior: A review and proposed psychosocial model for integrative clinical interventions. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113427
Davidovitz, M., & Cohen, N. (2021). Frontline social service as a battlefield: Insights from street‐level bureaucrats’ interactions with violent clients. Social Policy & Administration. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12756
Fahlgren, M. K., Berman, M. E., & McCloskey, M. S. (2020). The role of therapeutic alliance in therapy for adults with problematic aggression and associated disorders. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 27(6), 858–886. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2475
Ferguson, H., Disney, T., Warwick, L., Leigh, J., Cooner, T. S., & Beddoe, L. (2020). Hostile Relationships in Social Work practice: Anxiety, Hate and Conflict in long-term Work with Involuntary Service Users. Journal of Social Work Practice, 35(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2020.1834371
Yagil, D. (2021). Abuse from Organizational Outsiders: Customer Aggression and Incivility. Special Topics and Particular Occupations, Professions and Sectors, 109–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5308-5_3
PSY FPX 7711 Assessment 1 Procedure, Data Collection, and Interobserver Agreement
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